The [[Umayyad Period]] lasted from 661to 1031. It was marked by the creation of new institutions, the study of history, medicine and chemistry. During this period, many scientific books where translated from Greek to Arabic by scholars. It is the beginning of the development of distinct [[Islamic Art]].^[*Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, Istanbul*] ![[Umayyad Stone.jpg|500]] *Umayyad Stone with engraving, late 7th or early 8th century. Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, Istanbul.*