The [[Four Caliph Period]], also known as Hulefa yi Rashid (632-661 AD) resulted in the expansion of the islamic state of Prophet Muhammed to North Africa, Southern Spain, India, Mervi and Samarkand. The four caliphs were Caliph Abu Bakr (632-634), Caliph Umar (634-644), [[Caliph Uthman]] (644-656) and Caliph Ali (656-661).^[*Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, Istanbul*]